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From the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt to the aristocracy of Europe, powerful families, particularly monarchies, have used inbreeding to maintain power and wealth along family lines. Marriages between half-siblings were permitted in Ancient Athens and Sparta, while marriage between cousins was common in many periods. In a recent genetic study, it was found that around one in 3,600 Europeans born between 1938 and 1967 were born as a result of first- or second-degree inbreeding